![]() ![]() In the bottom right of the painting, a hare runs along the track. In the lower-left corner of the painting, we can see a little person on a boat, making evident that the bridge is constructed on top of a river. The mist rising from the water, the rain that veils the sky, and the steam from the locomotive are blurred and mixed, unifying the painting's colors. However, the train and bridge, the solid elements of the painting, are barely hinted at, disappearing into the hazy and unreal atmosphere. The train in the center is dark and rain-shrouded, surrounded by a golden natural landscape on both sides. Turner's painting illustrates an oncoming train in the countryside during a summer rainstorm. The bridge was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and completed in 1838.ĭetail of a boat floating on the river in the lower-left corner of the painting. ![]() The location of the painting is widely accepted as Maidenhead Railway Bridge, across the River Thames between Taplow and Maidenhead a place that Turner had been exploring for over thirty years. The Great Western Railway (GWR) was one of a number of private British railway companies created to develop the new means of transport. The painting suggests that modern technology is a reality racing towards us. Turner seemed to be a generation ahead of other artists, as he was among the few painters at the time to consider industrial advancement as a commendable subject of art. The railway was among the most potent symbols of industrialization, since this new way of transportation heavily affected industrial and social life. ![]() The most significant fretting wear occurs when the support clearance is near 2 times the nominal clearance, and the U tube offsets are beneficial to reducing the fretting wear.The painting was painted close to the end of the Industrial Revolution, which brought a massive shift from an agrarian economy to one dominated by machine manufacturing in the Victorian Era. The turbulence buffeting stress amplitude is lower than the fatigue stress limit. The maximum flow-elastic instability (FEI) coefficient increases as the support failure increases. The results show that the newly designed SG satisfied the FIV requirements. In addition, comprehensive finite element model (FEM) models are built to study the quantitative influence of sensitive factors on FIV. In this work, a more accurate CFD simulation of two-phase flow and heat transfer on the SG secondary side is conducted by combining the local solid model with the global porous media model. Support failure, support clearance, and offset are the key factors and are believed to significantly affect the FIV, but it is unclear how to properly account for this factor and its quantitative influence. Although a global media model with a coarse mesh has been used to simplify the flow field of SG tube bundles, precise outputs cannot be obtained to evaluate the FIV, so a more accurate model needs to be developed. The presence of numerous U tubes complicates the FIV process and makes it difficult to model. For new types of steam generators (SG) for pressurized water reactors (PWRs), the flow-induced vibration (FIV) of U tubes is one of the most important potential failure modes. ![]()
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